In Nepal, fish farming is done in ponds, rice fields, enclosures, cages, reservoirs, lakes, raceways and marginal swamps. The major varieties of fishes reared are carp like common carp, Chinese major carp (silver carp, grass carp and bighead carp), and Indian major carp (rohu, catla and mrigala). They are grown in warmer climates. Rainbow trout is grown in cooler water. In addition, Nile tilapia and cat fish (Clarid and Pangassid) are emerging as promising fishes for culture in warm conditions. Commercial cold water fish culture and rainbow trout fish farming is spreading in the mid-hills. Indian major carps and Chinese major carps are being commercially grown in the Tarai very successfully. Fish farming accounts for 1.32 percent of the National Gross Domestic Product and 4.22 percent of the Agricultural Gross Domestic Product. The 10-year Prime Minister Agriculture Modernisation Project has envisaged giving a further boost to commercialise aquaculture. The project will provide support to buy machinery and tools to manufacture fish feed besides providing fish feed, constructing fish ponds, establishing deep boring to supply water to fish ponds and providing technical knowledge. An individual fish farmer or a group of farmers or a firm can get Rs100,000 to construct a pond on 1 hectare of land. Further, they will get a 50 percent subsidy to purchase machinery and tools, and a 75 percent subsidy to install deep boring to supply water to the pond. A plot must be at least 6 hectares in size to qualify for grants under the project. A vibrant enterprise The average productivity of pond fish farming is 5.760 tonnes per hectare while an individual farm can produce up to 66 tonnes of fish per hectare. In Vietnam, the productivity is 800 tonnes per hectare. This shows that there is big scope in Nepal to enlarge fish farming by adopting advanced technology. High-tech fish farming can increase productivity and produce a high rate of return on investment. Therefore, fish farming can very soon be a vibrant enterprise in the country. Cultivable land in the country is shrinking due to plotting for housing construction. If agricultural land is being plotted without any regulation, it will be very harmful from both the farmers’ and national point of view. After some years, farmers will find no land to increase their farm size for large-scale production, and this can be a major problem in shifting from subsistence agriculture to commercial agriculture in Nepal. The number of people engaged in aquaculture has increased significantly after 2013-14 due to better and continuous returns from fish farming compared to traditional and seasonal crops. Fish farming is gaining momentum, but more needs to be done for its expansion as an industry involving high technology and sustainability to produce protein to meet the challenge of food security for millions of people.